tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26068986719728050352024-03-08T10:11:28.204-08:00Single African American MothersArthur Westhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11243403094724909042noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2606898671972805035.post-9867767813828029132012-04-09T17:41:00.004-07:002012-04-09T17:41:52.705-07:00An examination of the challenges single Aftrican American Mothers are faced with Today<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Throughout my work with minority
youth I have come into contact with a variety of families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In particular I found it astonishing how many
African American children were members of a single mother household.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The prevalence of African American single
mother homes in the United States is astounding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>African American women whom undertake the
role as a single parent are faced with significant challenges, considering the
fact they are the sole economic and parenting provider within the home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The daunting task these women face include a
complicated and stressful balancing act between ensuring economic stability for
the home while also providing quality parental care and attention to their
children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, the stress of
this overwhelming responsibility can be too much to handle for some, which can
ultimately affect the psychological wellbeing of children raised in a single
mother household.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Examining the condition of single
mothers further, it is evident that there are a number of factors that can both
positively and negatively affect the role of a single mother.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Specifically, Kotchnick, Dorsey, and Heller
(2005) found that the degree of neighborhood stress is associated with both
parenting quality of single African American mothers and psychological
functioning of their children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
context of a neighborhood that is ridden with crime and negative influences
coupled with inadequate parenting can lead to difficulties in children’s
psychological functioning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kincaid,
Jones, Cuellar, and Gonzalez (2011) found this to be especially true for girls
who lack a positive female role model due to inadequate parenting and the
absence of positive role models in their community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consequently, the difficulties in
psychological function oftentimes lead to externalizing behaviors, especially with
the comorbidity with anxiety and depression (Garai, Forehand, Colletti, and
Rakow, 2009).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Beyond the influence the
neighborhood can have on the psychological functioning of African American
children raised in a single mother home, the mother’s psychological also plays
an important role.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kincaid, Jones,
Cuellar, and Gonzalez (2011) found that a high degree of maternal psychological
control is positively correlated with child maladjustment problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the other hand, optimism expressed by
single African American mothers can have positive effects on child adjustment
and lower internalizing symptoms. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chester,
Jones, Zalot, and Sterrett (2007) examined a sample of single African American
mothers and found that positive parenting practices were associated with lower
externalizing behaviors, and the opposite for negative parenting practices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These studies exemplify the importance of
maintaining a high quality in parental care despite the challenges experienced
by single mothers, which include a mother’s attitude and approach to life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Support from adult figures other
than mothers in a single parent household also has the potential to affect the
wellbeing of a child.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Choi and Jackson
(2011) found in their study that in cases when fathers spent more time with
their child, problem behaviors were less likely to occur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although fathers may not be romantically
involved with the mother of their child, the partnership that they share is an
influential factor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, it is not
uncommon to become absent in process of raising a child, leaving room for
others to step into a parental role.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, the presence of an additional parental figure does not
necessarily lead to positive outcomes for children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shock, Jones, Dorsey, and Brody (2010)
demonstrate the quality of interactions between African American single mothers
and their parent can affect a child’s competence and maladjustment behaviors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similar to two parent households, a child
will have difficulty managing stress and building healthy relationships if they
consistently witness their mother fighting with her partner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Other than support from fathers or
the partner of a single mother, family and friends can also help alleviate the significant
stress of single African American mothers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Family and friends who demonstrate support both financially but more
importantly psychological improve positive outcomes for children raised in a
single mother home (Woody & Woody, 2007; Jones, Zalot, Sterrett, and
Chester, 2007).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Delivering the message
through support that a single mother is not alone can decrease feelings of
isolation and feeling overwhelmed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Knowing that support is available can help ease the mind of a single
mother, which contributes to her attitude, energy, and quality of interaction
she has with her children.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
I remain hopeful regarding the
outcome for African American children raised in single mothers, as in both my
experience and research of the topic it is clear that a number of positive
factors can truly make a difference.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
programs working with single mothers, the emphasis on support and community are
critical influences that can significantly ease the challenges for single
mothers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Encouraging single mothers to
maintain positive relationships with family, friends and romantic partners is
an approach I believe to be effective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hopefully through continued dissemination of research analyzing the role
of social support for African American single mothers with also lead to an
increase in positive outcomes for children raised in these families.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
References </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
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<br /></div>Arthur Westhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11243403094724909042noreply@blogger.com0